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Sains Malaysiana 54(9)(2025): 2227-2242
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5409-10
Anticancer Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles
Synthesized from Erythrina variegata L. Leaves Extract against A549 Lung
Cancer Cell Line
(Keberkesanan Antikanser Nanozarah Perak Disintesis daripada Erythrina
variegata L. Ekstrak Daun terhadap Talian Sel Kanser Paru-paru A549)
HALIMATUSSAKDIAH
HALIMATUSSAKDIAH1,*, VIVI MARDINA2,
YULIDA AMRI1, MISDI MISDI2, PUJI WAHYUNINGSIH1 &
SIOW-PING TAN3
1Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Samudra University, Langsa,
24416, Aceh, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, Samudra University, Langsa, 24416, Aceh, Indonesia
Received: 13 April 2025/Accepted: 18 July 2025
Abstract
Green synthesis using
plant extracts as metal ion reducing agents is gaining attention for its
eco-friendly approach. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
are widely studied for their ability to penetrate biological membranes,
accumulate in organs, and exhibit anticancer activity. In this study, Erythrina
variegata L. (Dadap) leaves extract was used as a natural reductant for AgNP synthesis. Phytochemical screening showed the presence
of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins - compounds known for
potential anticancer activity. UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed two main peaks within the 272-600 nm range. The peak
at 272 nm indicates the presence of aromatic compounds, such as phenolics from
the extract, which may be bound to the nanoparticle surface and function as
reducing or stabilizing agents. The broader peak within 380-450 nm, commonly
around 420 nm, corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of AgNPs, confirming their successful formation. FTIR analysis
identified functional groups (-OH, -CH, C=O, C=C, and -NH) linked to phenolics,
flavonoids, and alkaloids, along with Ag-O and Ag-N bonds indicating
nanoparticle formation. XRD patterns confirmed an FCC crystal structure with
characteristic peaks at 2θ = 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.5°, and 77.0°. TEM images
showed spherical, well-distributed AgNPs, contrasting
with the amorphous nature of the extract. Cytotoxicity tests on A549 lung
cancer and Vero cells yielded IC50 values of 7.222 µg/mL and 3.488
µg/mL for the extract and AgNPs on A549 cells, and
9.4 µg/mL and 3.785 µg/mL on Vero cells, respectively. The selectivity index
(SI) values of 1.3 and 1.09 indicate low selectivity and cytotoxic effects on
both cell types. Although AgNPs showed stronger
cytotoxicity against cancer cells, their non-selective toxicity suggests the
need for further modification to enhance therapeutic safety.
Keywords: AgNPs;
anti-lung cancer; Erythrina variegata L.; green synthesis; Ketambe
Abstrak
Kaedah sintesis hijau menggunakan ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai agen penurun ion logam semakin berkembang kerana sifatnya yang mesra alam. Zarah nano perak (AgNPs) terkenal
dengan kebolehannya menembusi membran biologi, berkumpul dalam organ penting
dan menunjukkan aktiviti antikanser. Dalam kajian ini, ekstrak daun Erythrina
variegata L. (daun Dadap) digunakan sebagai agen penurun semula jadi untuk
sintesis AgNPs. Saringan
fitokimia menunjukkan kehadiran alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, fenol dan tanin
yang diketahui mempunyai potensi antikanser. Spektrofotometri UV-Vis mendedahkan
dua puncak utama dalam julat 272-600 nm. Puncak pada 272 nm menunjukkan
kehadiran sebatian aromatik, seperti fenol daripada ekstrak yang mungkin
terikat pada permukaan nanozarah dan berfungsi sebagai agen pengurangan atau
penstabilan. Puncak yang lebih luas dalam 380-450 nm, biasanya sekitar 420 nm,
sepadan dengan resonans plasmon permukaan (SPR) nanozarah perak, mengesahkan
pembentukannya yang berjaya. Analisis FTIR mengesahkan kumpulan berfungsi
seperti -OH, -CH, C=O, C=C aromatik dan -NH yang dikaitkan dengan fenol,
flavonoid dan alkaloid serta getaran Ag-O dan Ag-N yang menunjukkan pembentukan
AgNPs. Corak XRD menunjukkan struktur kristal kubik berpusat muka (FCC) dengan
puncak pada 2θ = 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.5° dan 77.0°. Imej TEM menunjukkan AgNPs
berbentuk sfera, teragih sekata dan berstruktur baik, berbeza dengan sifat
amorfus ekstrak daun. Ujian sitotoksik menunjukkan nilai IC50 ekstrak dan AgNPs ke atas sel kanser paru-paru A549 masing-masing ialah 7.222
µg/mL dan 3.488 µg/mL, manakala ke atas sel normal Vero ialah 9.4 µg/mL dan
3.785 µg/mL. Nilai indeks selektiviti (SI) 1.3 dan 1.09 menunjukkan
kedua-duanya tidak selektif dan toksik terhadap kedua-dua jenis sel. Justeru,
pengubahsuaian lanjut diperlukan untuk meningkatkan keselamatan terapeutik.
Kata kunci: AgNPs; anti kanser paru-paru; Erythrina
variegata L.; Ketambe; sintesis hijau
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